Ports can compete over three main dimensions:
- Shipping network (foreland). Ports strive to enhance their access and connectivity to the global shipping network, which is often linked to opportunities to attract customers and cargo. The goal is to portray the port as a favorable location with multiplying effects on maritime connectivity. In such a network, ports can act as gateways, hubs, and feeders, an indicator of their position in the global maritime hierarchy. The Liner Shipping Connectivity Index is a measure reflecting this dimension.
- Port-centric. Ports aim to attract and retain a diverse range of industrial, manufacturing, and service activities that are directly supported by their facilities and infrastructure. The goal is to portray the port as a valuable multiplying factor for investments. The combination of these activities is a determinant of the port function, with some ports more energy or resource-oriented, while others have more of a commercial function with distributional and service capabilities.
- Hinterland. Ports aim to develop and enhance their hinterland connectivity through road, rail, and barge networks. The goal is to portray the port as a multiplying factor in inland market access. The hinterland is indicative of the non-port-centric cargo base.