Source: Adapted from Kalmar SmartPort: The Path to Process Automation.
The two fundamental forms of container terminal automation involve process and operational automation. While operational automation focuses on the systems in place for the physical vertical and horizontal movements of containers, process automation is another layer that relies on “softer” forms of automation, leaning more on software than on equipment and infrastructure. It takes four major forms:
- Data capture and identification. The series of tasks involved in capturing information from containers and vehicles for their identification and access. This can be done at the terminal gate for authorized entries and exits or in the yard for handling tasks such as container stacking or retrieval. Containers, vehicles, and equipment can also be visually inspected through cameras and drones to detect damage.
- Position detection and tracking. A series of technologies available to assess the position of containers, vehicles, and equipment in real time for efficient terminal operations. They commonly fall under the umbrella of position detection systems (PDS) and real-time location systems (RTLS), relying on positional technologies such as DGPS (differential global positioning system) and RFID.
- Integration layer. Rely on terminal operating systems (TOS) to provide real-time inventory updates about containers within yards and the allocation of workflows to dispatch labor and equipment.
- Visualization and decision support. Provide real-time, comprehensive visualization of yard activities, often through digital twin representations. This enables equipment and vehicles to operate more seamlessly by providing yard navigation and operational assistance.
While process automation can be implemented alongside operational automation, it can also be implemented separately in non-automated terminals to improve operational efficiency.