Containerization significantly impacted shipping and ports, forming extensive shipping networks in which seaports play a pivotal role as high connectivity hubs. A container terminal is a specialized facility that handles the transshipment and temporary storage of containers between at least two transportation modes. The provision and management of containers are the responsibility of shipping lines and container leasing companies, with the repositioning of empty containers primarily driven by trade flow imbalances. The variety of goods carried in containers is substantial, including commodities that were previously carried in bulk or breakbulk. Cold chain technology has enabled ports to play an active role within these supply chains, particularly with the use of refrigerated containers. Terminal automation is the full or partial substitution of terminal operations with automated equipment and processes, transforming container ports.