![market_power_port_services | Port Economics, Management and Policy](https://i0.wp.com/porteconomicsmanagement.org/wp-content/uploads/market_power_port_services.png?resize=900%2C403&ssl=1)
Source: Adapted from: De Langen P.W. and Pallis A.A. (2006). The benefits of intra-port competition. International Journal of Transport Economics, 33(1), 69-85.
The figure summarises the conditions under which port service providers enjoy excess market power and can extract economic rents. The introduction of intra-port competition is essential to maintain or improve the competitiveness of a port.