
Singapore is the world’s most important transshipment hub, connecting maritime routes between East Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania, and South Asia. The oldest container terminal facilities of Singapore (Tanjong Pagar, Keppel, and Brani) are located next to the central area. The Tanjong Pagar has been vacant since 2017. In 1993, the construction of the Pasir Panjang 1 project began and was completed in 2009. This was followed by the construction of Pasir Panjang 2. The Tuas port expansion project represents a unique case involving a gradual and complete relocation of Singapore’s container terminal facilities. Construction began in 2019, and reclamation works for the first phase were completed in November 2021. The first two berths of the first phase opened in late December 2021. The first phase entailed soil improvement for 414 ha of land, including 294 ha of newly reclaimed land. Construction of the first phase also included the fabrication and installation of 221 10-storey tall caissons of 15,000 tons each to form 8.6 km of seawall. When all phases are completed in the 2040s, Tuas Port is expected to be capable of handling 65 million TEU on about 1,337 ha of land. Phase 2 of the mega port is underway, involving the construction of 9.1 km of caissons. It is expected that the Keppel and Brani facilities will be relocated to Tuas by 2027. By the 2040s, the remaining Pasir Panjang facilities will be consolidated at the Tuas complex, with the port reaching its capacity of 65 million TEU. The move of port operations to Tuas makes way for the upcoming major city expansion towards the south, also known as the Greater Southern Front development.