Source: adapted from Notteboom, T. (2018) The impact of changing market requirements on dock labour employment systems in northwest European seaports, International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics (IJSTL), 10(4), 429-454 https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTL.2018.093457
There is a series of linkages between the key requirements of market actors and the resulting impact on demands in terms of dock labor performance. Shipping companies, third-party logistics service providers, and shippers impose specific logistics requirements on ports and terminals based on the characteristics and needs of their supply chains. Terminal operators are challenged to meet these market requirements if they want to attract cargo and ships. The production factor, dock labor, and the associated systems and arrangements for deploying dock labor play a role in meeting market requirements.